炎症小体是一个多蛋白复合物，通常由NLR家族的成员之一，如NLRP3、NLRC4，与接头蛋白ASC(包含CARD结构域的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白)，以及Caspase-1前体蛋白这三种分子所组成。天然免疫细胞感受到细胞浆中的病原相关模式分子(PAMP)或危险相关模式分子(DAMP)后，在其细胞浆内开始组装炎症小体，进而促进炎症因子IL-1和IL-18的释放，引起快速的炎症相关细胞死亡，即pyrotosis。
研究最为广泛的是NLRP3炎症小体，它可以被很多刺激物诱导形成，包括危险信号(如ATP)、结晶质(如MSU)和微生物毒素(如尼日利亚菌素，即nigericin)。NLRC4(包含Caspase活化及募集结构域的NLR4)/NAIP(神经凋亡抑制性蛋白)炎症小体是由Salmonella typhimurium(鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌)、Pseudomonas aeruginosa(绿浓杆菌)等细菌的鞭毛蛋白释放到细胞质中所引起的。NRLP1炎症小体则是由Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin(炭疽致死毒素)、Toxoplasma gondii(刚地弓形虫)、muramyl dipeptide(胞壁酰双肽)和宿主胞内ATP耗盡等诸多刺激诱导产生的，进而促进Caspase-1的生成。
炎症小体诱导剂相关产品：
PRODUCT | ORIGIN/DESCRIPTION | GRADE* | WORKING CONCENTRATION | QTY | CATALOG CODE |
INFLAMMASOME INDUCERS |
AIM2 Inflammasome Agonists |
Poly(dA:dT) Naked | Poly(dA-dT)•poly(dT-dA) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng/ml - 1 µg/ml | 200 µg 1 mg | tlrl-patn tlrl-patn-1 |
Poly(dA:dT)/LyoVec | Poly(dA-dT)•poly(dT-dA)/LyoVec™ complexes | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng - 10 µg/ml | 100 µg | tlrl-patc |
Poly(dA:dT)/Rhodamine | Rhodamine labeled poly(dA-dT)•poly(dT-dA) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 100 ng - 10 µg/ml | 10 µg | tlrl-patrh |
PRR Ligands
PRODUCT | ORIGIN/DESCRIPTION | GRADE* | WORKING CONCENTRATION | QTY | CATALOG CODE |
NLRP1 Inflammasome Inducers |
L18-MDP | Muramyldipeptide with a C18 fatty acid chain | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 100 ng/ml | 1 mg | tlrl-lmdp |
MDP | Muramyldipeptide (L-D isoform, active) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 ng - 10 µg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-mdp |
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducers |
Alum Crystals | Aluminium potassium sulfate | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 - 200 µg/ml | 1 g | tlrl-alk |
ATP | Adenosine 5’-triphosphate disodium salt | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 5 mM | 1 g | tlrl-atpl |
CPPD Crystals | Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 50 µg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-cppd |
Hemozoin | Synthetic heme crystal | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 50 - 400 µg/ml | 5 mg | tlrl-hz |
MSU Crystals | Monosodium urate (uric acid) | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 50 - 200 µg/ml | 5 mg 25 mg | tlrl-msu tlrl-msu-25 |
Nano-SiO2 | Nanoparticles of silica dioxide | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 10 - 200 µg/ml | 10 mg | tlrl-sio |
Nigericin | Nigericin, sodium salt | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 µM | 10 mg 50 mg | tlrl-nig tlrl-nig-5 |
TDB | Synthetic analog of the cord factor | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 1 - 100 µg/ml | 2 mg | tlrl-tdb |
Non-canonical Inflammasome Inducers |
E. coli OMVs NEW | Purified outer membrane vesicles from E. coli BL21 | TLR2 +/ TLR4 + | 0.2-100 µg/ml | 100 µg | tlrl-omv-1 |
E. coli OMVs InvivoFit™ NEW | Sterile grade of outer membrane vesicles from E. coli | TLR2 +/ TLR4 + | 10-100 µg/mouse | 500 µg | tlrl-omv |
Curdlan | Beta-1,3-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 0.1 - 100 µg/ml | 1 g | tlrl-curd |
HKCA | Heat-killed Candida albicans | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 108 cells/ml | 109 cells | tlrl-hkca |
Pustulan | Beta-glucan from Lasallia pustulata | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 0.1 - 100 µg/ml | 100 mg | tlrl-pst |
Zymosan Depleted | Hot alkali treated zymosan | TLR2 -/ TLR4 - | 100 µg/ml | 10 mg | tlrl-zyd |
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